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World Statesmen.org HOME >         Vietnam (link) Vietnam >   1802 - c.1885, Emperor's flag to 1863   c.1878  Annam (reported approx. design)    1890 - 1920 Annam   1920 - 1945  Annam   c.1923 - 9 Mar 1945 Protectorate Flag   10 Mar 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Vietnam   29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1955 North Vietnam   15 Jul 1946 - 2 Jun 1948 South Vietnam   2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 South Vietnam   Adopted 30 Nov 1955 (North only to 2 Jul 1976) Map of Vietnam Hear National Anthem "Tiên Quân Ca" (Marching to the Front) Text of National Anthem Adopted 2 Jul 1976 Constitution (1 Jan 2014) ------------------------------------ Former Constitution (15 Apr 1992 - 1 Jan 2014) Capital: Hanoi (Hà Nôi) (Phong Chau 2809-258 BC; Co Loa 257-111 BC and 939-965 AD; To Lich 544-602; Hoa Lu 968-980; La Thanh 1980-1010; Hanoi 1010-1802; Hue 1802-1945) Currency: Dong (VND); 1978-1985 New Dong (VNN) National Holidays: 2 Sep (1945) Ngày Quôc Khánh (Independence Day) --------------------------------------- 30 Apr (1975) Ngày Thông nhât (Reunification Day) Population: 92,477,857 (2013) GDP: $358.9 billion (2013) Exports: $128.9 billion (2013) Imports: $121.4 billion (2013) Ethnic groups: Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, others 5.3% (1999) Total Active Armed Forces: 455,000 (2010) Merchant marine: 579 ships (2010) Religions: Buddhist 9.3%, Catholic 6.7%, Hoa Hao 1.5%, Cao Dai 1.1%, Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, None 80.8% (1999) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, APA, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BTWC, CICA, CP, CTBT, CWC, EAS, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIF, OPCW, OST, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Vietnam Index Chronology 2809 BC - 258 BC           Van Lang kingdom under Hung Voung dynasty. 257 BC                     Renamed Au Lac kingdom. 196 BC - 111 BC            Vassal of China. 111 BC                     Annexed by China. 40 AD - 43 AD              Brief independence under the Trung sisters.  544 AD - 602 AD            Van Xuan independent under Le dynasty. 679                        Creation by China of the protectorate general                              of An Nam. 939                        Ngo Quyen defeated the kingdom of Nam Han;                               traditional date of Vietnamese independence. 965 - 968                  Turmoil, divided into 12 feudal lordships                              under: Ngo Xoung Xi in Binh Kieu; Do Canh Thuc                              in Do Dong Giang; Tran Lam in Bo Hai Khau; Kieu                              Cong Han in Phong Chau; Nguyen Khoan in Tam                               Dai; Nguyen Nhat Khanh in Doung Lam; Ly Khe in                              Sieu Loai; Nguyen Thu Tiep in Tien Du; Lu Doung                              in Te Giang; Ngueyen Sieu in Tay Phu Liet; Kieu                              Thuan in Cam Khe; and Pham Bach Ho in Dang Chau 1010                       Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm; [Chinese: Yue])                              is a geographic concept of a variable                              China/Vietnam location.  3 Nov 1407                Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm)(literally                               State of Great Viet).   Jan 1414 - 1426            Incorporated into Ming imperial state (China). 1533 - 1592                Co-existence of the Le and Mac polities is referred                              to by historians as Nam-Bac Trieu ("Southern                               and Northern Dynasties"). 1558 - 1777/87             Division into north and south by ruling                               dynasties. Trinh line rules from Hanoi                               (Tonkin), the Nguyen line rules from Hue                               (Annam and Cochinchina). 1666 -  9 Jun 1885         Annam a tributary to China. 1533 - Sep 1677            Mac dynasty rules northern Vietnam, from 1592 in                              Cao Bang province; in opposition to Le dynasty. 31 May 1802                Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm) restored after                              defeat of the Tay Son rulers. 1804                       Viet Nam Quoc (Viet Nam Realm)(name authorized                              by China). 15 Feb 1839                Dai Nam Quoc (literally, "Great South Realm")                               (name not authorized by China).  1 Sep 1858                French occupy Da Nang (renamed Tourane). 18 Feb 1859                French occupy Saigon. 13 Apr 1862                Southern region (Cochinchina) ceded to France. 20 Nov 1873 - 15 Mar 1874  French occupy Hanoi and Haiphong in Tonkin. 15 Mar 1874                Tonkin a French protectorate by Treaty of Saigon. 27 Apr 1882 - 25 Aug 1883  French occupy Hanoi.  25 Aug 1883                Annam and Tonkin become French protectorates                              by Treaty of Hué.  9 Jun 1885                China renounces its rights over Annam and Tonkin. 27 Jan 1886                French Protectorate of Annam-Tonkin.  17 Oct 1887                Union of French Indochina formed (Cambodia, Annam,                              Tonkin, Cochinchina, and from 3 Oct 1893 Laos). 1900 - 28 Feb 1946         Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (Kwangchowan) China leased                               territory administratively joined to                               French Indo-China, subordinated to Tonkin. 16 Jun 1940 -  9 Mar 1945  Administration loyal to Vichy France. 22 Sep 1940                Japanese troops based in northern Indochina. 28 Jul 1941                Japanese troops based in southern Indochina.  9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupation. 11 Mar 1945                Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the                              French protectorate and the restoration of the                              independence of Vietnam (in full cooperation                              with Japan). 12 Jun 1945                Viet Nam De Quoc (Empire of Vietnam). 25 Aug 1945                End of the empire; subsequently de facto                               division between North and South Vietnam. 30 Aug 1945                Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Hanoi); controlling                              North Vietnam, it declares independence 2 Sep 1945. Sep 1945-Mar/Jun 1946      Allied occupation of French Indo-China by China                              above 16th parallel (depart Hanoi 26 Jun 1946),                              and Britain below (departing 28 Mar 1946).  6 Mar 1946                France recognizes the Democratic Republic of                              Vietnam (north) as a free state within the                              Federation of Indochina and French Union.   1 Jun 1946                Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (at Saigon). 27 Oct 1946 -  9 Dec 1955  (South) Vietnam Member of the French Union (Union                              Française). 19 Dec 1946 -  1 Aug 1954  First Indochina (Anti-French Resistance) War.  8 Oct 1947                South Vietnam (Saigon). 27 May 1948                Vietnam (Saigon). 14 Jun 1949                French associated state (State of Vietnam)(Saigon). 21 Jul 1954                Division formalized by Geneva Accords.  5 Oct 1954                The last French troops leave Hanoi.  26 Oct 1955                Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)(Saigon).   1 Nov 1955 – 30 Apr 1975  Vietnam (Second Indochina) War. 30 Apr 1975                Republic of South Vietnam (Saigon)  2 Jul 1976                Unification of North and South Vietnam as the                               Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) Empire (1675-1945) Trinh and Nguyen Lords (1545-1777) Tay Son Rulers (1776-1795) Champa (Panduranga) (1695-1822) Pulo Condor (1702-1705) French Indochina (1887-1956) Tonkin-Annam (1875-1889) Annam (1886-1955) Tonkin (1886-1955) French Cochinchina (1858-1946) North Vietnam (1945-1976) South Vietnam (1946-1976) Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969-1975) Map of Ethnic Groups in Indochina Historical Maps of Vietnam   Empire   Capital: Hue (Hanoi [Bac Thanh] 1010-1802) Currency: 1740-1883 Annam Dong (VNAD) Imperial Anthem "Dâng Dàn Cung" (Rise of the Esplanade Music) 1802-1945 (lyrics from 1922) Note: Although the monarchy dealt with imperial China as a tributary state, and the ruler was addressed by the imperial court as "king of An Nam," domestically a full imperial system was established, including era names. The information listed here (there sometimes is even more available) is as follows: personal name (ho [family name] + huy [tabooed personal name]) followed by temple name (mieu hieu), posthumous style (dang ton hieu), and era name(s) (nien hieu) initiated during the respective reign; some emperors are often referred to by the nien hieu (e.g., the Bao Dai emperor). Rulers (Emperors [style Dai Viet Hoang De]) - Le dynasty - 29 Apr 1428 -  5 Oct 1433  Le Loi                             (b. 1384/85 - d. 1433)                              mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Thong Thien Khai Van Thanh                                Duc Than Cong Due Van Anh Vu Khoan Minh Dung Tri Hoang Nghia                                Chi Minh Dai Hieu Cao Hoang De                              nien hieu 29 Apr 1428 - 9 Feb 1434: Thuan Thien 20 Oct 1433 -  7 Sep 1442  Le Nguyen Long                     (b. 1423 - d. 1442)                              style name: Lan                              mieu hieu: Thai Tong / dang ton hieu: Ke Thien The Dao Hien Duc                                Thanh Cong Kham Minh Van Tu Anh Due Triet Chieu Hien Kien                                Trung Van Hoang De                              nien hieu 9 Feb 1434 - 25 Nov 1440: Thieu Binh                              nien hieu 25 Nov 1440 - 31 Jan 1443: Dai Bao 15 Sep 1442 - 28 Oct 1459  Le Bang Co (Le Bang Ky)            (b. 1441 - d. 1459)                              style name: Tuan                              mieu hieu: Nhan Tong / dang ton hieu: Kham Van Nhan Hieu Tuyen                                Minh Thong Due Tuyen Hoang De                              nien hieu 31 Jan 1443 - 29 Jan 1454: Thai Hoa (Dai Hoa)                              nien hieu 29 Jan 1454 - 1 Nov 1459: Dien Ninh  1 Nov 1459 - 24 Jun 1460  Le Nghi Dan                        (b. 1439 - d. 1460)                              style name: Tong / bynames: Le Duc Hau, Lang Son Vuong                              nien hieu 1 Nov 1459 - 25 Jun 1460: Thien Hưng 25 Jun 1460 -  3 Mar 1497  Le Tu Thanh                        (b. 1442 - d. 1497)                              style name: Hao                              mieu hieu: Thanh Tong / dang ton hieu: Sung Thien Quang Van Cao                                Minh Quang Chinh Chi Duc Dai Cong Thanh Van Than Vu Dat Hieu                                Thuan Hoang De                              nien hieu 25 Jun 1460 - 1 Feb 1470: Quang Thuan                              nien hieu 1 Feb 1470 - 22 Jan 1498: Hong Duc  9 Mar 1497 - 24 Jun 1504  Le Tranh (Le Tang, Le Chanh)       (b. 1461 - d. 1504)                              style name: Huy                              mieu hieu: Hie Tong / dang ton hieu: The Thien Ngung Dao Mau Duc                                Chi Chieu Van Thieu Vu Tuyen Triet Kham Thanh Chuong Hieu Due                                Hoang De                              nien hieu 22 Jan 1498 - 17 Jul 1504: Canh Thong 17 Jul 1504 - 12 Jan 1505  Le Thuan                           (b. 1488 - d. 1505)                              style name: Thuan                              mieu hieu: Tuc Tong / dang ton hieu: Chieu Nghia Hieu Nhan On                                Cung Uyen Mac Hieu Doan Cung Kham Hoang De                              nien hieu 17 Jul 1504 - 4 Feb 1505: Thai Trinh 22 Jan 1505 - 10 Jan 1510  Le Tuan                            (b. 1488 - d. 1510)                              style name: Huyen / byname: Uy Muc De                              nien hieu 4 Feb 1505 - 13 Jan 1510: Doan Khanh 13 Jan 1510 -  8 May 1516  Le Oanh (Le Uynh, Le Huynh)        (b. 1495 - d. 1516)                              style name: Tru (Chu) / bynames: Linh An Vuong, Tuong Duc De                              nien hieu 13 Jan 1510 - 28 May 1516: Hong Thuan 1511 - 1512                Tran Tuan (in dissidence)  7 Apr 1516 - Dec 1516     Tran Cao                              nien hieu 7 Apr 1516 - Dec 1516: Thien Ung                            (in rebellion)  8 May 1516 - 11 May 1516  Le Quang Tri                       (b. 1509 - d. 1516) 28 May 1516 -  9 Jan 1526  Le Y An                            (b. 1506 - d. 1526)                              style name: Hue                              mieu hieu: Chieu Tong / dang ton hieu: Than Hoang De (Da Duong                              Vuong)                              nien hieu 28 May 1516 - 9 Jan 1526: Quang Thieu Dec 1516 - Aug 1521        Tran Thang (Tran Cung)                              nien hieu Dec 1516 - Aug 1521: Tuyen Hoa                            (in rebellion) 1518 - 1518                Le Bang                              nien hieu 1518 - 1518: Dai Duc                            (in rebellion) 1518 - 1518                Le Du                              nien hieu 1518 - 1518: Thien Hien                            (in rebellion) 21 May 1522 - 12 Jul 1527  Le Xuan (Le Lu)                    (b. 1507 - d. 1527)                              style name: Khanh                              dang ton hieu: Cung Hoang De                              nien hieu 21 Aug 1522 - 12 Jul 1527: Thong Nguyen - Mac dynasty (in the north) - 12 Jul 1527 - Feb 1530     Mac Dang Dung                      (b. 1483 - d. 1541)                              mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Nhan Minh Cao Hoang De                              nien hieu 12 Jul 1527 - Feb 1530: Minh Duc Feb 1530 - 22 Feb 1540     Mac Dang Doanh                     (d. 1540)                              mieu hieu: Thai Tong / dang ton hieu: Kham Triet Van Hoang De                              nien hieu Feb 1530 - 27 Jan 1541: Dai Chinh Feb 1540 -  5 Jun 1546     Mac Phuoc Hai (Mac Duc Nguyen)     (d. 1546)                              mieu hieu: Hien Tong / dang ton hieu: Hien Hoang De                              nien hieu 22 Jan 1541 - 22 Jan 1547: Quang Hoa Jun 1546 - Jan 1562        Mac Phuoc Nguyen                   (d. 1562)                              mieu hieu: Tuyen Tong / dang ton hieu: Due Hoang De                              nien hieu 22 Jan 1547 - 10 Feb 1548: Vinh Dinh                              nien hieu 10 Feb 1548 - 2 Feb 1554: Canh Lih                              nien hieu 2 Feb 1554 - Feb 1562: Quang Bao Feb 1562 - 28 Dec 1592     Mac Mau Hop                        (b. 1560 - d. 1592)                              mieu hieu: Anh To / dang ton hieu: Tinh Hoang De                              nien hieu Feb 1562 - 21 Jan 1566: Thuan Phuoc                              nien hieu 21 Jan 1566 - Aug 1578: Sung Khang                              nien hieu Aug 1578 - 18 Feb 1586: Dien Thanh                              nien hieu 18 Feb 1586 - 28 Jan 1588: Doan Thai                              nien hieu 28 Jan 1588 - 25 Jan 1591: Hung Tri                              nien hieu 25 Jan 1591 - 28 Dec 1592: Hong Ninh 28 Dec 1592 - 14 Feb 1593  Mac Toan (Mac Tuyen)               (d. 1593)                              mieu hieu: Canh Tong / dang ton hieu: Thanh Hoang De                              nien hieu: 28 Dec 1592 - 14 Feb 1593: Vu Anh Jan 1593 - 14 Feb 1593     Mac Kinh Chi                       (d. 1593)                              byname: Hung Le Cong                              mieu hieu: Man Tong / dang ton hieu: Trinh Hoang De                              nien hieu Jan 1593 - 1 Feb 1593: Bao Dinh                              nien hieu 1 Feb 1593 - 14 Feb 1593: Khanh Huu Apr 1593 - Jun 1625        Mac Kinh Cung                      (d. 1625)                              mieu hieu: Dai Tong / dang ton hieu: Linh Hoang De                              nien hieu Apr 1593 - 1617: Can Thong (Kien Thong) .... - 1605                Mac Kinh Dung (in dissidence) 1605 - 1617                Mac Khanh Vuong (in dissidence) Aug 1623 - 1638            Mac Kinh Khoan                     (d. 1638)                              mieu hieu: Quang To / dang ton hieu: Nguyen Hoang De                              nien hieu Aug 1623 - 1628: Long Thai Apr 1638 - Sep 1677        Mac Kinh Vu (Mac Kinh Hoan)                              mieu hieu: Minh Tong / dang ton hieu: Khai Hoang De                              nien hieu Apr 1638 - Sep 1677: Thuan Duc 1677 - 1681                Mac Kinh He                              mieu hieu: Qui Tong / dang ton hieu: Hue Vuong                            (in China exile) 1681 - 1682                Mac Kinh Tieu                              mieu hieu: Duc Tong / dang ton hieu: Dac Vuong                            (in China exile) Ruler (style Ai Lao Hoang De) - Le dynasty - .... - Feb 1533             Le Duy Ninh                       (b. 1514? - d. 1548)                              style name: Huyen Rulers (Kings [style Dai Viet Vuong]; from 1806, Emperors [style Dai Viet Hoang De]);  from 1884, imperial title translated by the French as King) - Le dynasty - Feb 1533 -  9 Mar 1548     Le Duy Ninh (Le Tuan)              (s.a.)                                 style name: Huyen                              mieu hieu: Trang Tong / dang ton hieu: Du Hoang De                              nien hieu Feb 1533 - 29 Jan 1549: Nguyen Hoa  9 Mar 1548 -  5 Mar 1556  Le Duy Huyen (Le Sung)             (b. 1535 - d. 1566)                              mieu hieu: Trung Tong / dang ton hieu: Vu Hoang De                              nien hieu 29 Jan 1549 - 30 Jan 1557: Thuan Binh Mar 1556 - 25 Dec 1572     Le Duy Bang                        (b. 1532 - d. 1573)                              mieu hieu: Anh Tong / dang ton hieu: Tuan Hoang De                              nien hieu 30 Jan 1557 - 20 Jan 1558: Thien Huu                              nien hieu 20 Jan 1558 - Feb 1572: Chinh Tri                              nien hieu Feb 1572 - 2 Feb 1573: Hong Phuc  2 Feb 1573 - 16 Oct 1599  Le Duy Dam                         (b. 1567 - d. 1599)                              mieu hieu: The Tong / dang ton hieu: Nghi Hoang De                              nien hieu 2 Feb 1573 - 7 Feb 1578: Gia Thai                              nien hieu 7 Feb 1578 - 14 Feb 1600: Quang Hung 1597                       Nguyen Duong Minh                              nien hieu 1597 - 1597: Phuc Duc                            (in rebellion) 1597 - 1597                Nguyen Minh Tri (in rebellion) 19 Oct 1599 - 23 Jun 1619  Le Duy Tan                         (b. 1588 - d. 1619)                              mieu hieu: Kinh Tong / dang ton hieu: Hien Nhan Du Khanh                                Tuy Phuc Hue Hoang De                              nien hieu 14 Feb 1600 - 6 Dec 1600: Than Duc                              nien hieu 6 Dec 1600 - 11 Jul 1619: Hoang Dinh Jul 1619 -  3 Nov 1643     Le Duy Ky (1st time)               (b. 1607 - d. 1662)                              nien hieu 11 Jul 1619 - 24 Jan 1629: Vinh To                              nien hieu 24 Jan 1629 - 17 Jan 1635: Duc Long                              nien hieu 17 Jan 1635 - 11 Nov 1643: Duong Hoa Nov 1643 -  2 Oct 1649     Le Duy Huu (Le Duy De)             (b. 1630 - d. 1649)                              mieu hieu: Chan Tong / dang ton hieu: Thuan Hoang De                              nien hieu 11 Nov 1643 - 4 Nov 1649: Phuc Thai  4 Nov 1649 -  2 Nov 1662  Le Duy Ky (2nd time)               (s.a.)                              mieu hieu: Than Tong / dang ton hieu: Uyen Hoang De                              nien hieu 4 Nov 1649 - 28 Feb 1653: Khanh Duc                              nien hieu 28 Feb 1653 - 4 Feb 1658: Thinh Duc                              nien hieu 4 Feb 1658 - 18 Feb 1662: Vinh Tho                              nien hieu 18 Feb 1662 - 10 Dec 1662: Van Khanh 18 Nov 1662 - 16 Nov 1671  Le Duy Vu (Le Duy Cu)              (b. 1654 - d. 1671)                              mieu hieu: Huyen Tong / dang ton hieu: Khoat Dat Due Thong Cuong                                Nghi Trung Chinh On Nho Haa Nhac Kham Minh Van Tu Duan Cung                                Khac Nhuong Muc Hoang De                              nien hieu 8 Feb 1663 - 30 Jan 1672: Canh Tri 13 Dec 1671 - 27 Apr 1675  Le Duy Hoi (Ley Duy Coi)           (b. 1661 - d. 1675)                              mieu hieu: Gai Tong / dang ton hieu: Khoan Minh Man Dat Nhan Qua                                Huy Nhu Khac Nhan Doc Nghia My Hoang De                              nien hieu 30 Jan 1672 - 29 Oct 1674: Duong Duc                              nien hieu 29 Oct 1674 - 14 Feb 1676: Duc Nguyen  3 Aug 1675 - May 1705     Le Duy Hiep (Le Duy Cap)           (b. 1663 - d. 1716)                              mieu hieu: Hay Tong / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De                              nien hieu: 14 Feb 1676 - 31 Jan 1680 Vinh Tri                              nien hieu 31 Jan 1680 - May 1705: Chinh Hoa 22 May 1705 - Apr 1729     Le Duy Duong (Le Duy Trinh)        (b. 1679 - d. 1731)                              mieu hieu: Du Tong / dang ton hieu: Hoa Hoang De                              nien hieu May 1705 - 8 Feb 1720: Vinh Thinh                              nien hieu 8 Feb 1720 - 27 Apr 1729: Bao Thai Apr 1729 - Sep 1732        Le Duy Phuong                      (b. 1709 - d. 1735)                              dang ton hieu: (Hon Duc De)                              nien hieu Apr 1729 - Sep 1732: Vinh Khanh Sep 1732 -  7 May 1735     Le Duy Tuong (Le Duy Ho)           (b. 1699 - d. 1735)                              mieu hieu: Thuan Tong / dang ton hieu: Gian Hoang De                              nien hieu Sep 1732 - 7 May 1735: Long Duc May 1735 - Jun 1740        Le Duy Thin (Le Duy Chan)          (b. 1719 - d. 1759)                              mieu hieu: Y Tong / dang ton hieu: Huy Hoang De                              nien hieu May 1735 - Jun 1740: Vinh Huu Jun 1740 - 10 Aug 1786     Le Duy Dao (Le Duy Thieu)          (b. 1711 - d. 1786)                              mieu hieu: Hien Tong / dang ton hieu: Vinh Hoang De                              nien hieu Jun 1740 - 18 Feb 1787: Canh Hung                              (also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802) 1767 - 1769                Le Duy Mat  (in rebellion)         (d. 1770) Aug 1786 - 30 Jan 1789     Le Duy Ky (Le Duy Khiem)           (b. 1765 - d. 1793)                              mieu hieu: Man Tong / dang ton hieu: Man Hoang De                              dang ton hieu: Man Hoang De                              nien hieu 18 Feb 1787 - 1789/31 May 1802: Chieu Tong                              (also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802) 30 Jan 1789 - 31 May 1802  rule extinguished by Tay Son rulers 1789 - 1790                Le Duy Ky                          (s.a.)                               (in rebellion against Tay Son rule) - Nguyen Phuoc dynasty - 31 May 1802 -  3 Feb 1820  Nguyen Phuoc Noan                  (b. 1762 - d. 1820)                              mieu hieu: The To / dang ton hieu: Cao Hoang De                              nien hieu 31 May 1802 - 14 Feb 1820: Gia Long 14 Feb 1820 - 20 Jan 1841  Nguyen Phuoc Hao                   (b. 1791 - d. 1841)                              mieu hieu: Thanh To / dang ton hieu: Nhan Hoang De                              nien hieu 14 Feb 1820 - 11 Feb 1841: Minh Mang 11 Feb 1841 -  4 Nov 1847  Nguyen Phuoc Toan                  (b. 1807 - d. 1847)                              mieu hieu: Hien To / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De                              nien hieu 11 Feb 1841 - 9 Nov 1847: Thieu Tri 10 Nov 1847 - 19 Jul 1883  Nguyen Phuoc Thi                   (b. 1829 - d. 1883)                              mieu hieu: Duc Tong / dang ton hieu: Anh Hoang De                              nien hieu 5 Feb 1848 - 27 Jan 1884: Tu Duc 19 Jul 1883 -  2 Dec 1883  Regency Council                            - Tran Tien Thanh (to Sep 1883)    (b. 1813 - d. 1883)                            - Nguyen Van Tuong                 (b. 1824 - d. 1886)                            - Ton That Thuyet                  (b. 1835 - d. 1913) 20 Jul 1883 - 23 Jul 1883  Nguyen Phuoc Ung Chan              (b. 1852 - d. 1883)                              mieu hieu: Cung Tong / dang ton hieu: Hue Hoang De                              (often referred to by the nickname Duc Duc) 30 Jul 1883 - 29 Nov 1883  Nguyen Phuoc Thang                 (b. 1847 - d. 1883)                              dang ton hieu: Cung Tong Hoang De                              (often referred to as Hiep Hoa)  2 Dec 1883 - 31 Jul 1884  Nguyen Phuoc Hieu                  (b. 1869 - d. 1884)                              mieu hieu: Gian Tong / dang ton hieu: Nghi Hoang De                              nien hieu 27 Jan 1884 - 15 Feb 1885: Kien Phuoc  2 Dec 1883 -  2 Aug 1884  Regency Council                            - Nguyen Van Tuong                 (s.a.)                            - Ton That Thuyet                  (s.a.)                            - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu,   (b. 1835 - d. 1885)                                Gia-huong Vuong   2 Aug 1884 -  5 Jul 1885  Nguyen Phuoc Minh                  (b. 1871 - d. 1947)                              nien hieu 15 Feb 1885 - 18 Sep 1885: Ham Nghi                             (continues in rebellion to Nov 1888)  2 Aug 1884 -  5 Jul 1885  Regency Council                            - Nguyen Van Tuong                 (s.a.)                            - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu,   (s.a.)                               Gia-huong Vuong                                 (to 21 Oct 1884)                            - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,                                Duke of Hoai Duc               (b. 1832 - d. 1897)                                (from Nov 1884) 15 Jul 1885 - Jul 1885     Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Dinh,     (b. 1810 - d. 1886)                              Tho-Xuan Vuong -Regent  19 Sep 1885 - 28 Jan 1889  Nguyen Phuoc Bien                  (b. 1864 - d. 1889)                              mieu hieu: Canh Tong / dang ton hieu: Thuan Hoang De                              nien hieu 7 Nov 1885 - 1 Feb 1889: Dong Khanh  1 Feb 1889 -  3 Sep 1907  Nguyen Phuoc Buu Lan               (b. 1879 - d. 1954)                              nien hieu 1 Feb 1889 - 5 Sep 1907: Thanh Tai  1 Feb 1889 - 27 Sep 1897  Regency Council                            - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Trinh,                                Tuy-Ly Vuong                   (b. 1820 - d. 1897)                            - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,                                Duke of Hoai Duc               (s.a.)                            - Nguyen Trong Hiep                (b. 1834 - d. 1902)                                (to 4 Sep 1896 [effectively Mar 1897])                            - Truong Quang Dan (to Apr 1896)                            - Nguyen Than (from Apr 1896)      (b. 1840 - d. 1914)                            - Bui An Nien (from Apr 1890)                            - Hoang Cao Khai (from Jul 1897)   (b. 1850 - d. 1933) 29 Jul 1907 - 18 May 1916  Truong Nhu Cuong                   (b. 1843 - d. 1923)                              (president of the Regency Council)  5 Sep 1907 -  3 May 1916  Nguyen Phuoc Vinh San              (b. 1900 - d. 1945)                              nien hieu 5 Sep 1907 - 18 May 1916: Duy Tan 18 May 1916 -  6 Nov 1925  Nguyen Phuoc Tuan                  (b. 1885 - d. 1925)                              mieu hieu: Hoang Tong / dang ton hieu: Tuyen Hoang De                              nien hieu 18 May 1916 - 13 Feb 1926: Khai Dinh  6 Nov 1925 - 10 Sep 1932  Ton That Han                       (b. 1854 - d. 1944)                             (president of the Regency Council)  8 Jan 1926 - 25 Aug 1945  Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Thuy             (b. 1913 - d. 1997)                              nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 25 Aug 1945: Bao Dai Chief ministers of the Supreme Privy Council 1923 - 1932                Nguyen Huu Bai                     (b. 1863 - d. 1935) 11 Nov 1932 - 11 Mar 1945  Pham Quynh                         (b. 1892 - d. 1945) Prime ministers 17 Apr 1945 - 23 Aug 1945  Tran Trong Kim                     (b. 1883 - d. 1953)  Non-party Japanese Supreme Adviser 11 Mar 1945 - 25 Aug 1945  Masayuki "Seiko" Yokoyama          (b. 1892 - d. 1978)  Non-party The Trinh and Nguyen Lords Note: The Trinh family ruled the North from the imperial capital at or near present-day Hanoi; the Nguyen (properly Nguyen Phuoc) family ruled the South (present-day Center) from their capital at or near present-day Hue. The official style of each ruler is chua, but the Trinh are assigned honorifics with the Sino-Viet royal style vuong. The Nguyen rulers not only acquired royal honorifics (thuy hieu) during their reign, but the full royal/imperial temple name and posthumous style, changing in time from Sino-Viet vuong (king) to hoang de (emperor) after the family became the imperial rulers after 1802. This record shows a limited choice of these often very long names and styles. Rulers - Trinh family - 1545 - 1570                Trinh Kiem "Minh Khang Thai Vuong" (b. 1503 - d. 1570) 1570                       Trinh Coi "Tuan Duc Hau"           (d. 1584) 1570 - 1623                Trinh Tung "Binh An Vuong"         (b. 1550 - d. 1623) 1623 - 1657                Trinh Trang "Thanh Do Vuong"       (b. 1577 - d. 1657) 1657 - 1682                Trinh Tac "Tay Do Vuong"           (b. 1606 - d. 1682) Aug 1682 - May 1709        Trinh Can "Dinh Vuong"             (b. 1633 - d. 1709) May 1709 - Oct 1729        Trinh Cuong "An Do Vuong"          (b. 1686 - d. 1729) Oct 1729 - Jan 1740        Trinh Giang "Uy Nam Vuong"         (b. 1711 - d. 1762) 1740 - 1767                Trinh Doanh "Minh Do Vuong"        (b. 1720 - d. 1767) 1767 - 1782                Trinh Sam "Tinh Do Vuong"          (b. 1739 - d. 1782) Sep 1782 - Nov 1782        Trinh Can "Dien Do Vuong"          (b. 1777 - d. 1782) 1782 - 1786                Trinh Khai "Doan Nam Vuong"        (b. 1763 - d. 1786) Sep 1786 - Sep 1787        Trinh Bong "An Do Vuong" - Nguyen Phuoc family -  7 Feb 1691 -  1 Jun 1725  Nguyen Phuoc Chu "Chua Minh"       (b. 1675 - d. 1725)                              mieu hieu: Hien Tong /dang ton hieu: Minh Hoang De  1 Jun 1725 -  7 Jun 1738  Nguyen Phuoc Tru "Chua Ninh"       (b. 1697 - d. 1738)                              mieu hieu: Tuc Tong /dang ton hieu: Ninh Hoang De  7 Jun 1738 -  7 Jun 1765  Nguyen Phuoc Khoat                 (b. 1714 - d. 1765)                              mieu hieu: The Tong /dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De 31 Dec 1765 - 1776         Nguyen Phuoc Thuan                 (b. 1753 - d. 1778)                              mieu hieu: Due Tong /dang ton hieu: Dinh Hoang De 1776 - 1777                Nguyen Phuoc Duong                 (d. 1777)                              dang ton hieu: (Tan Chinh Vuong) The Tay Son Rulers                  1778 - 1802 Note: The rule by this family (family name Nguyen, changed from Ho) begins in 1776 in the Central part of the country, restricting the imperial Le line to a small area. On 22 Dec 1788 a brother of the Central ruler proclaims the Le rule extinct and assumes the imperial style. The two lines continue to rule, each in part of the country, until the "imperial" ruler unifies the country in 1793 and rules until Jul 1802. Ruler (title Vuong; from 1778, Thien Vuong; from Jun 1787, Trung Uong Hoang De) 1776 - Oct 1793            Nguyen Van Nhac (Ho Van Nhac)      (b. c.1752 - d. 1793)                              nien hieu 1778 - Oct 1793: Thai Duc Rulers (title Dai Viet Hoang De) 22 Dec 1788 - 15 Sep 1792  Nguyen Van Hue (Ho Van Hue)        (b. 1753 - d. 1792)                              mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Vu Hoang De                              nien hieu 22 Dec 1788 - 11 Feb 1793: Quang Trung 15 Sep 1792 - Jul 1802     Nguyen Quang Toan (Nguyen Trac)    (b. 1782 - d. c.1802)                              nien hieu 11 Feb 1793 - Jun 1801: Canh Thinh                              nien hieu Jun 1801 - Jul 1802: Bao Hung 15 Sep 1792 - 1795         Bui Doc Tuyen -Regent              (d. 1795) Champa (Panduranga) Note: Vietnamese sources on Champa dry up at the end of the 17th century. The royal chronicle of Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) claims that the polity of this name is the true continuation of Champa, and there is some meager evidence that that is the case, at least for the final portion of the chronicle (which claims to deal with events beginning in 1000).   Map of Champa Capital: Panduranga (Vijaya 986 - 1471;  Indrapura 860-986; Simhapura 4th - 860) Population: N/A 192 AD                     Champa Kingdom founded in the southern part of modern day Vietnam. c.986                      Cham abandon Indrapura. 1044 - 1084                Vassal of Dai Viet. 1145 - 1149                Occupied by Khmer Cambodia. 1203 - 1220                Annexed by Khmer Cambodia. 1283 - 1285                Mongol (Yuan) rule. 1312 - 1326                Vassal of Annam. 21 Mar 1471                Dai Viet annexes the major portions of the Champa Kingdom. 1627 - 1822                Panduranga a vassal of Annam. 1822                       Kingdom extinguished by Annam, but retains some autonomy. 1832                       Fully incorporated into Annam, autonomy ended. Kings 1441 - 1446                Maija Vijaya   1446 - 1449                Moho Kouei Lai    1449 - 1458                Moho Kouei Yeou    1458 - 1460                Moho Pan Lo Yue   1460 - 1471                Pan Lo Tou Tsiuan    1471 - 1475                Bao Tri Tri 1475 - 1478                Chai Ya Ma Fu Ngan                     (d. 1478) 1478 - 1505                Ku Lai 1505 - c.1545              Cha Ku Pu Lo c.1545 - 1627              .... 1627 - 1651                Po Ro Me 1652 - 1660                Po Niga 1660 - 1692                Po Saut 1692 - 1695                Vacant 1695 - 1728                Po Saktirai da putih 1728 - 1730                Po Ganvuh da putih 1731 - 1732                Po Thuttirai 1732 - 1735                Vacant 1735 - 1763                Po Rattirai 1763 - 1765                Po Tathun da moh-rai 1765 - 1780                Po Tithuntirai da paguh 1780 - 1781                Po Tithuntirai da parang 1781 - 1783                Vacant 1783 - 1786                Chei Krei Brei 1786 - 1793                Po Tithun da parang 1793 - 1799                Po Lathun da paguh 1799 - 1822                Po Chong Chan 1822 - 1832                Po Bia (f) -Regent                              (Guardian of the Royal Treasures of Cham) 1834 - 1835                Ja Thak Va (in rebellion) Pulo Condore Island 16 Jun 1702                British East India company founds post on the island                               of Pulo Condor off the south coast of southern Vietnam.  2 Mar 1705                Garrison and settlement destroyed. Factor 16 Jun 1702 -  2 Mar 1705  Allen Catchpoole (Ketchpole)       (b. 16.. - d. 1705) French Union of Indo-China 1886 - 1945 c.1923 - 9 Mar 1945 Map of French Indo-China Capital: Hanoi (Saigon 1887- 1 Jan 1902) Currency: 1887-1954 French Indochina Piastre (ICFP); 1945 French  Indochina Gumpyo Yen  (ICFG) Population: 21,599,582 (1935) (incl. Kwangchowan) Governors-general 16 Nov 1887 - 22 Apr 1888  Jean Antoine Ernest Constans       (b. 1833 - d. 1913)                              (provisional) 22 Apr 1888 - 30 May 1889  Étienne Antione Guillaume Richaud  (b. 1841 - d. 1889)                              (acting to 8 Sep 1888) 31 May 1889 - 18 Apr 1891  Jules Georges Piquet               (b. 1839 - d. 1923) 18 Apr 1891 - 26 Jun 1891  François Marie Leon Bideau (acting)(b. 18.. - d. 1894) 26 Jun 1891 - 29 Dec 1894  Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan     (b. 1843 - d. 1919) 10 Mar 1894 - 26 Oct 1894  Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (b. 1848 - d. 1895)                              (acting for Lanessan) 29 Dec 1894 - 16 Mar 1895  François Pierre Rodier (acting)    (b. 1854 - d. 1913)  16 Mar 1895 - 10 Dec 1896  Paul Armand Rosseau                (b. 1835 - d. 1896) 21 Oct 1895 - 14 Mar 1896  Paul Julien Auguste Fourès         (b. 1853 - d. 1915)                              (acting for Rosseau) 10 Dec 1896 - 13 Feb 1897  Paul Julien Auguste Fourès (acting)(s.a.) 13 Feb 1897 - 14 Mar 1902  Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer        (b. 1857 - d. 1932) 29 Sep 1898 - 24 Jan 1899  Paul Julien Auguste Fourès         (s.a.)                              (acting for Doumer) 16 Feb 1901 - 20 Aug 1901  Édouard Alfred Marie Broni         (b. 1874 - d. 19..)                              (acting for Doumer) 14 Mar 1902 - 14 Oct 1902  Édouard Alfred Marie Broni (acting)(s.a.) 15 Oct 1902 - 28 Feb 1908  Jean Baptiste Paul Beau            (b. 1857 - d. 1927) 28 Feb 1907 - 23 Sep 1908  Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (acting)   (b. 1864 - d. 1909) 24 Sep 1908 - 17 Feb 1911  Antony Wladislas Klobukowski       (b. 1855 - d. 1934) 13 Jan 1910 - 10 Jun 1910  Albert Jean George Marie Louis     (b. 1853 - d. 1917)                              Picquié (acting for Klobukowski) 17 Feb 1911 - 14 Nov 1911  Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 1931) 15 Nov 1911 - 22 Nov 1913  Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time)   (b. 1872 - d. 1962) 22 Nov 1913 -  3 Mar 1915  Joost van Vollenhouven (acting)    (b. 1877 - d. 1918)  3 Mar 1915 - 22 May 1916  Ernest Nestor Roume                (b. 1858 - d. 1941) 23 May 1916 - 21 Jan 1917  Jean-François dit Eugène Charles   (b. 1865 - d. 1946)                              (acting) 22 Jan 1917 -  9 Dec 1919  Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time)   (s.a.) 22 May 1919 - 19 Feb 1920  Maurice Antoine François           (b. 1874 - d. 19..)                              Montguillot (1st time)(acting) 20 Feb 1920 - 15 Apr 1922  Maurice Long                       (b. 1866 - d. 1923) 18 Nov 1920 - 31 Mar 1921  Joseph Maurice Le Gallen           (b. 1873 - d. 1956)                              (acting for Long) 15 Apr 1922 -  9 Aug 1923  François Marius Baudoin (acting)   (b. 1867 - d. 1957)  9 Aug 1923 - 27 Jul 1925  Martial Henri Merlin               (b. 1860 - d. 1935) 23 Apr 1925 - 18 Nov 1925  Maurice Antoine François           (s.a.)                              Montguillot (2nd time) 18 Nov 1925 - 22 Aug 1928  Alexandre Varenne                  (b. 1870 - d. 1947)  4 Oct 1926 - 16 May 1927  Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier      (b. 1877 - d. 1934)                              (acting for Varenne)  1 Nov 1927 -  7 Aug 1928  Maurice Antoine François           (s.a.)                              Montguillot (3rd time)                              (acting for Varenne)  7 Aug 1928 - 26 Dec 1928  Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (b. 1872 - d. 1954)                              (1st time)(acting) 26 Dec 1928 - 15 Jan 1934  Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier      (s.a.)  1 Dec 1930 - 30 Jun 1931  Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (s.a.)                              (acting for Pasquier) 15 Jan 1934 - 23 Jul 1934  Maurice Fernand Graffeuil          (b. 1882 - d. 1941)                              (acting) 23 Jul 1934 -  9 Sep 1936  Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (s.a.)                              (2nd time)  9 Sep 1936 - 14 Jan 1937  Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre    (b. 1879 - d. 1937)                              (acting) 14 Jan 1937 - 20 Aug 1939  Joseph Jules Brévié                (b. 1880 - d. 1964) 20 Aug 1939 - 25 Jun 1940  Georges Catroux (acting)           (b. 1877 - d. 1969) 25 Jun 1940 -  9 Mar 1945  Jean Decoux                        (b. 1884 - d. 1963)                              (interim to 29 Aug 1940)  9 Mar 1945 - 28 Aug 1945  Yuitsu Tsuchihashi                 (b. 1891 - d. 1975)                              (Japanese governor-general)  9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Takeshi Tsukamoto                  (b. 1896 - d. 19..)                               (acting for Tsuchihashi) 10 Apr 1945 - Sep 1945     Camille Ange Gabriel Sabattier     (b. 1892 - d. 1966)                              (Free French general delegate; in opposition) Commander of Allied (Chinese) Occupation Force (First Army) for Indochina - above 16th parallel - 14 Sep 1945 - 14 May 1946  Lu Han (China)                     (b. 1895 - d. 1974) Chairman of the Allied Control Commission and Commander Allied Land Forces, French Indochina (ALFFIC) - below 16th parallel - 13 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946  Douglas David Gracey (U.K.)        (b. 1894 - d. 1964) High Commissioners in Indochina 23 Sep 1945 -  5 Oct 1945  Jean Henri Arsène Cédile (acting)  (b. 1908 - d. 1984)  5 Oct 1945 - 31 Oct 1945  Philippe François Marie de         (b. 1902 - d. 1947)                              Hauteclocque, dit Leclerc (acting)  2 Nov 1945 - 27 Mar 1947  Georges Louis Marie Thierry        (b. 1889 - d. 1964)                              d'Argenlieu        27 Mar 1947 - 20 Oct 1948  Émile Bollaert (acting)            (b. 1890 - d. 1978) 20 Oct 1948 - 13 Dec 1950  Léon Marie Adolphe Pascal Pignon   (b. 1908 - d. 1976) 13 Dec 1950 - 11 Jan 1952  Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de       (b. 1889 - d. 1952)                              Lattre de Tassigny         11 Jan 1952 - 18 Apr 1952  Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting)   (b. 1899 - d. 1984) 18 Apr 1952 - 27 Apr 1953  Jean Letourneau                    (b. 1907 - d. 1986) Commissioners-general 27 Apr 1953 - 23 Jul 1953  Jean Letourneau                    (s.a.) 23 Jul 1953 -  4 Jun 1954  Maurice Ernest Dejean              (b. 1899 - d. 1982)  4 Jun 1954 - Apr 1955     Paul Henri Romuald Ély             (b. 1897 - d. 1975) Apr 1955 - 21 Jul 1956     Henri Hoppenot                     (b. 1891 - d. 1977)   Heads of the Japanese Delegation to French Indochina 29 Jun 1940 -  2 Oct 1940  Issaku Nishihara                   (b. 1893 - d. 1945)  3 Oct 1940 - Oct 1941     Raishiro Sumida                    (b. 1890 - d. 1979) Oct 1941 - af.Dec 1942     Tyo                                (d. 1945)  Japanese Military Commanders in Indochina  7 Sep 1940 -  5 Jul 1941  Takuma Nishimura                   (b. 1899 - d. 1951) 1941                       Shōjirō Iida                       (b. 1888 - d. 1980) 10 Nov 1942 - 22 Nov 1944  Viscount Kazumoto Machijiri        (b. 1889 - d. 1950) 22 Nov 1944 - 15 Aug 1945  Yuitsu Tsuchihashi                 (s.a.)   Annam - Tonkin French Chargés d'Affaires (at Hué) 30 Jul 1875 - 13 Dec 1876  Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time)    (b. 1840 - d. 1902)                              (provisional) 14 Dec 1876 -  3 Jul 1879  Paul Louis Félix Philastre         (b. 1837 - d. 1907)  3 Jul 1879 -  5 Oct 1880  Pierre Paul Rheinart (2nd time)    (s.a.)  6 Oct 1880 - 17 Aug 1881  Louis Eugène Palasme de Champeaux  (b. 1840 - d. 1889) 18 Aug 1881 - 28 Mar 1883  Pierre Paul Rheinart (3rd time)    (s.a.) 23 Jul 1883 - 24 Dec 1885  François Jules Harmand             (b. 1845 - d. 1921)                              (commissioner-general) Residents-general (at Hué) 11 Jun 1884 -  1 Oct 1884  Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time)    (s.a.)                              (provisional)  1 Oct 1884 - 31 May 1885  Victor Gabriel Lemaire             (b. 1839 - d. 1907) 31 May 1885 - 31 Jan 1886  Philippe Marie André Roussel       (b. 1827 - d. 1887)                              de Courcy 31 Jan 1886 -  8 Apr 1886  Charles Auguste Louis Warnet       (b. 1828 – d. 1913)                              (acting)  8 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886  Paul Bert                          (b. 1833 - d. 1886) 11 Nov 1886 - 28 Jan 1887  Paulin François Alexandre Vial     (b. 1831 - d. 1907)                              (acting) 29 Jan 1887 - 17 Nov 1887  Paul Louis Georges Bihourd         (b. 1846 - d. 1914) 17 Nov 1887 - 25 Jun 1888  Raoul Berger (acting) 25 Jun 1888 -  8 Sep 1888  Eusèbe Irénée Parreau (1st time)   (b. 1842 - d. 1922)                              (acting)  8 Sep 1888 - 29 May 1889  Pierre Paul Rheinhart (2nd time)   (s.a.) 29 May 1889                Eusèbe Irénée Parreau (2nd time)   (s.a.)                              (acting) Annam Residents-superior (at Hué)  8 Apr 1886 - 1888         Charles Dillon                     (b. 1842 - d. 1889) 1888 - 1889                Séraphin Hector (1st time)         (b. 1846 - d. 1925)                              (acting) May 1889                   Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (s.a.)                              (acting) 10 May 1889 - 27 Oct 1891  Séraphin Hector (2nd time)         (s.a.) 27 Oct 1891 - 11 Apr 1894  Ernest Albert Brière (1st time)    (b. 1848 - d. 1904) 11 Apr 1894 - 27 Nov 1894  Léon Jules Pol Boulloche (1st time)(b. 1859 - d. 1922)                              (acting) 28 Nov 1894 - 26 Apr 1895  Charles-Frédéric Baille (acting)   (b. 1848 - d. 19..) 27 Apr 1895 -  1 Jan 1897  Ernest Albert Brière (2nd time)    (s.a.)  1 Feb 1897 -  7 Mar 1898  Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne       (b. 1859 - d. 1942)                               (1st time) (acting)  7 Mar 1898 - 1900         Léon Jules Pol Boulloche (2nd time)(s.a.) 22 Feb 1900 - 1902         Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne       (s.a.)                               (2nd time) (acting to 9 May 1901) 1902 - 1903                Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 1931) 1903 - Aug 1904            Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne       (s.a.)                               (3rd time) 1904 - 1906                Jean-Ernest Moulié (interim)       (b. 1858 - d. 19..) 1906 - Jul 1908            Ernest Fernand Lévecque            (b. 1852 - d. 1927) Jul 1908 - 1910            Élie Jean-Henri Groleau            (b. 1859 - d. 1932) 1910 -  1 Jan 1912         Henri Victor Sestier               (b. 1857 - d. 1918)  1 Jan 1912 - 15 May 1913  Georges Marie Joseph Mahé          (b. 1860 - d. 19..) 16 May 1913 - 16 May 1916  Jean-François dit Eugène Charles   (b. 1865 - d. 1946)                              (1st time)(acting to 17 May 1914) 16 May 1916 - 27 Jan 1917  Henri Le Marchant de Trigon        (b. 1867 - d. 1918)                              (interim) 27 Jan 1917 - May 1919     Jean-François dit Eugène Charles   (s.a.)                              (2nd time)  8 May 1919 -  5 May 1921  Honoré Louis Joseph Tissot (interim)  5 May 1921 - 1927         Pierre Marie Antonie Pasquier      (s.a.) 20 May 1922 - 11 Sep 1922  Jules Friès (acting for Pasquier)  (b. 1874 - d. 1957) 13 Jan 1924 - 28 Sep 1924  Aristide Eugène Le Fol             (b. 1878 - d. 1967)                              (acting for Pasquier)  4 Oct 1926 - 13 Feb 1927  Jean Charles Joseph d'Elloy        (b. 1872 - d. 19..)                              (interim) 13 Feb 1927 - 1929         Jules Friès                        (s.a.)  5 Jan 1929 - 1931         Aristide Eugène Le Fol             (s.a.) 23 May 1929 - 28 Feb 1930  Pierre Charles Edmond Jabouille    (b. 1875 - d. 1947)                              (acting for Le Fol) 11 Jun 1931 - 25 Feb 1933  Yves Charles Châtel                (b. 1865 - d. 1944)                              (acting to 21 Nov 1931) 25 Feb 1933 - 27 Jun 1934  Léon Emmanuel Thibaudeau (interim) (b. 1883 - d. 1946) 27 Jul 1934 - Jun 1941     Maurice Fernand Graffeuil          (b. 1882 - d. 1941) 15 May 1936 - 16 Apr 1937  Eugène Guillemain                  (b. 1885 - d. 19..)                              (acting for Graffeuil) 18 Jun 1941 - Aug 1944     Émile Louis François Grandjean     (b. 1888 - d. 1986) 23 Aug 1944 -  9 Mar 1945  Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn      (b. 1901 - d. 1945)                              (Japanese prisoner 9 Mar - 23 Aug 1945) Japanese Supreme Adviser Mar 1945 - Aug 1945        Yokoyama Masayuki                  (b. 1892 - d. 1978) French Commissioners in Annam 24 Aug 1945 - 1947         Jean Henri Arsène Cédile           (b. 1908 - d. 1984) 1947                       Georges Edmond Jules Marie         (b. 1898 - d. 1977)                              Saint-Mleux (acting) 20 May 1947 - 1949         Henri Pierre Joseph Marie Lebris   (b. 1886 - d. 1962)                              (interim)  8 Aug 1949 - 22 Aug 1949  Claude Léon Raoul Vally (acting)   (b. 1897 - d. 1971) 22 Aug 1949 - 1951         général Lorillon 1951 - 27 Apr 1953         Georges Émile LeBlanc              (b. 1896 - d. 1989) High Commissioner in Vietnam 27 Apr 1953 - 1954?        Georges Armand Léon Gautier        (b. 1901 - d. 1987) Tonkin Residents-superior (at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam to 1888)  8 Apr 1886 - Nov 1886     Paulin François Alexandre Vial     (s.a.) 20 Nov 1886 - 29 Jan 1887  Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (1st time)(b. 1847 - d. 1925) 1887 - 1888                Antony Wladislas Klobukowski       (b. 1855 - d. 1934)                              (acting) 29 Apr 1888 - 10 May 1889  Eusèbe Irénée Parreau              (b. 1842 - d. 1922) 29 May 1889 -  6 Apr 1890  Ernest Albert Brière (1st time)    (s.a.)  7 Apr 1890 -  3 Feb 1891  Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (2nd time)(s.a.)                              (acting)  3 Feb 1891 - 27 Oct 1891  Ernest Albert Brière (2nd time)    (s.a.) 27 Oct 1891 - 20 Jul 1893  Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (s.a.)                              (1st time) 20 Jul 1893 - 30 Mar 1895  François Pierre Rodier             (b. 1854 - d. 1913)                              (acting to 15 Oct 1894) 30 Mar 1895 - 13 May 1895  Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 1931) 13 May 1895 - 18 Jun 1895  Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (s.a.)                              (2nd time)(acting) 18 Jul 1895 -  9 Mar 1897  Paul Julien Auguste Fourès         (s.a.)                              (1st time) 1897                       Léon Jules Paul Boulloche          (b. 1859 - d. 1922) 26 Jul 1897 - 30 Aug 1905  Paul Julien Auguste Fourès         (s.a.)                              (2nd time) 30 Aug 1905 -  2 Apr 1907  Élie Jean-Henri Groleau (acting)   (b. 1859 - d. 1932) Apr 1907 - Jul 1907        Louis Alphonse Bonhoure            (b. 1865 - d. 1909) Jul 1907 - Apr 1909        Louis Jules Morel                  (b. 1853 - d. 1911) Apr 1909 - Sep 1909        Marie Joseph Ulderic de Miribel    (b. 1858 - d. 1911)                              (acting) Sep 1909 - Aug 1912        Paul Simoni                        (b. 1863 - d. 1931) 20 Aug 1912 - 15 Dec 1912  Jean-François dit Eugène Charles   (b. 1865 - d. 1946)                              (acting) 16 Dec 1912 -  8 Jun 1915  Léon Louis Jean Georges Destenay   (b. 1861 - d. 1915)  8 Jun 1915 - 1917         Maurice Joseph Le Gallen           (b. 1873 - d. 1956)  4 Dec 1917 - 1919         Jean Baptiste Édouard Bourcier     (b. 1870 - d. 1941)                               de Saint-Chaffray 22 Aug 1919 - 1921         Louis Félix Marie Edouard Rivet    (b. 1869 - d. 1933)                              (acting) 27 Feb 1921 - 1924         Maurice Antoine François           (s.a.)                              Monguillot  5 Jul 1924 - 10 Nov 1924  Jean Adrien Gaston Poulin (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1924) 13 Nov 1924 -  2 Dec 1925  Jean Félix Krautheimer (acting)    (b. 1874 - d. 1943)  2 Dec 1925 - 1930         Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (b. 1872 - d. 1954) 28 Feb 1927 -  7 Aug 1928  Maurice Fernand Graffeuil          (b. 1882 - d. 1941)                              (acting for Robin)  7 Aug 1928 - 26 Dec 1928  Jules Marie Douguet                (b. 1880 - d. 19..)                              (acting for Robin) 25 Nov 1930 - 1937         Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance    (b. 1878 - d. 1938) 27 Jul 1933 - 10 Sep 1933  Joseph Jules Bride                 (b. 1871 - d. 19..)                              (acting for Tholance) 1937                       Pierre Abel Delsalle (acting)      (b. 1886 - d. 1955) 1937 - 1939                Yves Charles Châtel                (b. 1865 - d. 1944)  8 Feb 1939 - 1939         Maurice Emile Henry de Tastes      (b. 1883 - d. 1940)                              (acting) 25 Aug 1939 - 1940         Henri Georges Rivoal (acting)      (b. 1886 - d. 1963) 16 Nov 1940 - 1941         Émile Louis François Grandjean     (b. 1888 - d. 1986)                              (interim to 11 Dec 1940) 18 Jun 1941 - 1942         Edouard André Delsalle             (b. 1893 - d. 1945) 21 Nov 1942 - 1944         Jean Marie Norbert Haelewyn        (b. 1901 - d. 1945)                              (acting to 16 Mar 1943) 23 Aug 1944 -  9 Mar 1945  Paul Louis Gabriel Chauvet (acting)(b. 1904 - d. 2007) Japanese Resident Mar 1945 - Aug 1945        Nishimura Kumao                    (b. 1899 - d. 1980) Vietnamese Imperial Delegates in Tonkin 17 Apr 1945 - 17 Aug 1945  Phan Ke Toai                       (b. 1892 - d. 1973) 17 Aug 1945 - 25 Aug 1945  Nguyen Xuan Chu                    (b. 1898 - d. 1967) French Commissioners for Tonkin 18 Aug 1945 - 24 Aug 1945  Pierre Messmer (acting)            (b. 1916 - d. 2007) 24 Aug 1945 - 1946         Jean Roger Sainteny                (b. 1907 - d. 1978) 11 Apr 1946 - Jul 1946     Jean Étienne Valluy (acting)       (b. 1899 - d. 1970) Jul 1946 - 27 Sep 1946     Jean Crépin (acting)               (b. 1908 - d. 1996) 27 Sep 1946 - Jan 1947     Louis-Constant Morlière (acting)   (b. 1897 - d. 1980) Jan 1947 - Feb 1947        Pierre Louis Debès (acting)        (b. 1900 - d. 1947) 18 Feb 1947 -  2 Dec 1947  Miguel Joaquim de Pereyra (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1979)  2 Dec 1947 - Aug 1949     Yves Jean Digo                     (b. 1897 - d. 1974)                              (acting to 20 Mar 1948)  8 Aug 1949 - 28 Nov 1949  Raymond Gilbert Félix Koch (acting)(b. 1896 - d. 1978) 28 Nov 1949 - 10 Nov 1950  Marcel Jean Marie Alessandri       (b. 1895 - d. 1968) 10 Nov 1950 -  6 Jan 1951  Pierre Georges Jacques Marie Boyer (b. 1896 - d. 1976)                              de La Tour du Moulin    6 Jan 1951 -  7 Feb 1951  Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting)   (b. 1899 - d. 1984)  7 Feb 1951 - 27 Apr 1953  François Jean Antonin Marie Amédée (b. 1897 - d. 1955)                              Gonzales de Linarès    Vietnamese Crown Representatives (Kinh Luoc Bac Ky) for Tonkin 188. - 188.                Nguyen Huu Do                      (b. 1813 - d. 1888) 1890 - 1897                Hoang Cao Khai                     (b. 1850 - d. 1933) French Cochinchina                                 Sep 1858 - 9 Mar 1945    Map of Cochinchina Capital: Saigon (Tourane 1858-1860) Currency: 1862-1954 French Indochina Piastre (ICFP); 1941-44 French Indochina Military Yen (ICF) Population: 4,616,000 (1936) 1689                       Annexed by Annam from Cambodia.  1 Sep 1858                French occupy Da Nang (renamed Tourane). 18 Feb 1859                French occupy Saigon and the three southern Vietnamese provinces                              of Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh and Dinh Tuong. 13 Apr 1862                Territories ceded to France. 1864                       French colony of Cochinchina. 1867                       Provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vinh Long annexed. 16 Nov 1887                Part of Union of French Indochina. 21 Dec 1933                Spratly Islands are annexed to French Cochinchina. 28 Jul 1941                Japanese troops based in French Cochinchina (de facto occupation).  9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupation (see under Indo-China).  15 Aug 1945                Japan transfers Cochinchina, renamed Nam Bo, to Empire of Vietnam.  6 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946  British occupation (s.a.)  4 Jun 1949                Cochinchina formally ceded to State of Vietnam by France. Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of Réunion and Indochina, and Commander-in -Chief of the Expeditionary Corps of the Chinese Seas  1 Sep 1858 -  1 Nov 1859  Charles Rigault de Genouilly       (b. 1807 - d. 1873) Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of the Chinese Seas  1 Nov 1859 -  6 Feb 1861  Théogène François Page             (b. 1807 - d. 1867) Governors - in Tourane (Da Nang) -  1 Sep 1858 - 18 Feb 1859  Charles Rigault de Genouilly       (s.a.) 19 Oct 1859 - 23 Mar 1860  Théogène François Page             (s.a.) - in Saigon - 18 Feb 1859 - 1859         Charles Rigault de Genouilly       (s.a.) Mar 1859 -  1 Apr 1860     Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry (acting)(b. 1815 - d. 1887)  1 Apr 1860 -  6 Feb 1861  Théogène François Page             (s.a.)  1 Apr 1860 -  6 Feb 1861  Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules       (b. 1813 - d. 1878)                              d'Ariès (acting for Page)  6 Feb 1861 - 30 Nov 1861  Léonard Victor Joseph Charner      (b. 1797 - d. 1869) 30 Nov 1861 - 16 Oct 1863  Louis Adolphe Bonard               (b. 1805 - d. 1867) 16 Oct 1863 - 31 Mar 1865  Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandière  (b. 1807 - d. 1876)                              (1st time)  1 Apr 1865 - 28 Nov 1865  Pierre Gustave Roze (interim)      (b. 1812 - d. 1883) 28 Nov 1865 -  4 Apr 1868  Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandière  (s.a.)                              (2nd time)  4 Apr 1868 - 10 Dec 1869  Marie Gustave Hector Ohier         (b. 1814 - d. 1870)                              (acting) 10 Dec 1869 -  9 Jan 1870  Joseph Faron (interim)             (b. 1819 - d. 1881)  9 Jan 1870 -  1 Apr 1871  Alphonse Jean Claude René Théodore (b. 1811 - d. 1886)                              de Cornulier-Lucinière  1 Apr 1871 - 16 Mar 1872  Marie Jules Dupré (1st time)       (b. 1813 - d. 1881) 16 Mar 1872 - 16 Dec 1872  Charles Joseph Basher d'Arbaud     (b. 1816 - d. 1876)                              (acting) 16 Dec 1872 - 15 Mar 1874  Marie Jules Dupré (2nd time)       (s.a.) 16 Mar 1874 - 30 Nov 1874  Jules François Émile Krantz        (b. 1821 - d. 1914)                              (acting) 30 Nov 1874 - 31 Jan 1876  Victor Auguste, baron Duperré      (b. 1825 - d. 1900)                              (1st time)  1 Feb 1876 -  6 Jul 1876  Henri Gaëtan Ernest Bossant        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)                              (acting)  7 Jul 1876 - 16 Oct 1877  Victor Auguste, baron Duperré      (s.a.)                              (2nd time) 16 Oct 1877 -  7 Jul 1879  Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont (b. 1824 - d. 1908)  7 Jul 1879 -  7 Nov 1882  Charles Le Myre de Vilers          (b. 1833 - d. 1918)  4 Mar 1881 - 31 Oct 1881  Arthur de Trentinian               (b. 1822 - d. 1885)                              (acting for de Vilers)   7 Nov 1882 - 27 Jul 1885  Charles Antoine François Thomson   (b. 1845 - d. 1898) 27 Jul 1885 - 19 Jun 1886  Charles Auguste Frédéric Bégin     (b. 1835 - d. 1901) 20 Jun 1886 - 22 Oct 1887  Ange Michel Filippini              (b. 1834 - d. 1887) 23 Oct 1887 -  2 Nov 1887  Marie Jacques Noël Pardon (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1910)  3 Nov 1887 - 15 Nov 1887  Jules Georges Piquet (acting)      (b. 1839 - d. 1928) Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)  3 Nov 1887 - 15 Jan 1888  Jean Antoine Ernest Constans       (b. 1833 - d. 1913) 15 Jan 1888 -  2 Aug 1888  Eugène Auguste Navelle             (b. 1846 - d. 19..) Directors of Local Service  3 Aug 1888 - 25 Aug 1888  Eugène Auguste Navelle (acting)    (s.a.) 25 Aug 1888 - 16 May 1889  Paul Louis Maxime Céloron de       (b. 1831 - d. 1889)                              Blainville                 Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina) 21 May 1889 -  9 Aug 1889  Augustin Julien Fourès (1st time)  (b. 1853 - d. 1915)                              (acting)  9 Aug 1889 - 11 Sep 1892  Henri-Eloi Danel                   (b. 1850 - d. 1900) 11 Sep 1892 - 25 Mar 1894  Augustin Julien Fourès (2nd time)  (s.a.)                              (acting to 21 Oct 1892) 25 Mar 1894 - 15 Sep 1894  Eugène Auguste Navelle (acting)    (s.a.) 15 Sep 1895 - 18 Jul 1895  Augustin Julien Fourès (3rd time)  (s.a.) 18 Jul 1895 - 22 Mar 1896  Alexandre Antoine Étienne Gustave  (b. 1851 - d. 1907)                               Ducos (1st time) 22 Mar 1896 - 19 Nov 1896  Gustave Guillaume Sandret (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1909) 19 Nov 1896 -  9 May 1897  Alexandre Antoine Étienne Gustave  (s.a.)                               Ducos (2nd time)  10 May 1897 -  1 Jan 1898  Ange Eugène Nicolai (acting)       (b. 1845 - d. 1908)  1 Jan 1898 - 11 Apr 1899  Édouard Picanon (1st time)         (b. 1854 - d. 1939) 11 Apr 1899 -  1 Nov 1900  Ferdinand Georges Jules Bocquet    (b. 1849 - d. 19..)                              (acting)  1 Nov 1900 - 28 Jul 1901  Édouard Picanon (2nd time)         (s.a.) 28 Jul 1901 -  3 Sep 1901  Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 1931)  5 Sep 1901 - 18 Sep 1902  Henri Félix de Lamothe             (b. 1843 - d. 1926) 18 Sep 1902 - 10 Mar 1906  François Pierre Rodier             (b. 1854 - d. 1913)                              (1st time) 10 Mar 1906 - Feb 1907     Olivier Charles Arthur de Lalande  (b. 1853 - d. 1910)                               de Calan (acting) Feb 1907 - 29 Jun 1907     François Pierre Rodier             (s.a.)                              (2nd time) 29 Jun 1907 - 18 Feb 1908  Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1909) 18 Feb 1908 - 23 Sep 1908  Ernest Outrey (1st time)(acting)   (b. 1863 - d. 1941) 23 Sep 1908 -  9 Jan 1909  Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (2nd time) (s.a.)  9 Jan 1909 - 15 Jun 1909  Ernest Outrey (2nd time)(acting)   (s.a.) 16 Jun 1909 - Dec 1911     Jules Maurice Gourbeil             (b. 1867 - d. 1948) Governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina) Dec 1911 - 22 Mar 1912     Jules Maurice Gourbeil (1st time)  (s.a.) 22 Mar 1912 - 13 Dec 1912  Leon Destenay (acting)             (b. 1861 - d. 1915) 13 Dec 1912 - Jan 1914     Jules Maurice Gourbeil (2nd time)  (s.a.) 31 Jan 1914 -  7 Jul 1914  Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (1st time)(b. 1873 - d. 1956)                              (acting)  7 Jul 1914 - 26 Apr 1916  Jules Maurice Gourbeil (3rd time)  (s.a.) 26 Apr 1916 - 1917         Louis Félix Marie Édouard Rivet    (b. 1869 - d. 1933)                              (acting)  9 Oct 1917 - 22 Jun 1920  Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (2nd time)(s.a.) 22 Jun 1918 - 20 Feb 1920  Georges René Gaston Maspéro        (b. 1872 - d. 1942)                              (acting for Le Gallen) 20 Feb 1920 - 18 Nov 1920  Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (3rd time)(s.a.)                              (acting) 18 Nov 1920 - 14 Feb 1922  Paul Achille Michel Quesnel        (b. 1871 - d. 1945)                              (acting) 14 Feb 1922 - 1926         Maurice Cognacq                    (b. 1870 - d. 1949)                              (acting to 12 Apr 1922) 24 May 1924 - 17 Dec 1924  Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance    (b. 1878 - d. 1938)                              (acting for Cognacq)    19 Apr 1926 - 30 Dec 1926  Aristide Eugène Le Fol (acting)    (b. 1878 - d. 1967) 30 Dec 1926 - 12 Jan 1929  Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard (b. 1872 - d. 19..)                               de la Brosse 12 Jan 1929 -  6 Mar 1929  Eugène Henri Roger Eutrope         (b. 1881 - d. 1953)                              (interim)  6 Mar 1929 - 1934         Jean Félix Krautheimer             (b. 1874 - d. 1943) 21 Nov 1931 - 11 Nov 1932  Eugéne Henri Eutrope               (s.a.)                              (acting for Krautheimer)  20 May 1934 - 1939         Pierre André Michel Pagès          (b. 1893 - d. 1980)  1 Mar 1936 - 12 Oct 1936  Henri Georges Rivoal               (b. 1886 - d. 1963)                              (acting for Pagès) 12 May 1939 - 1940         René Veber                         (b. 1888 - d. 1972) 16 Nov 1940 - 1942         Henri Georges Rivoal               (s.a.)                              (acting to 11 Dec 1940) 21 Nov 1942 -  9 Mar 1945  Ernest Thimothée Hoeffel           (b. 1900 - d. 1952)                              (acting to 16 Mar 1943)  9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Minoda Fujio Vietnamese Imperial Delegate in the South 15 Aug 1945 - 25 Aug 1945  Nguyen Van Sam                     (b. 1898 - d. 1947)  VQD Chairman of the Provisional Southern Executive Committee 25 Aug 1945 - 22 Sep 1945  Tran Van Giau                      (b. 1911 - d. 2010)  DCSD Commander-in-Chief Allied Land Forces French Indochina 13 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946  Douglas David Gracey (U.K.)        (b. 1894 - d. 1964)  Mil Chairman of the Allied Control Commission in French Indochina 13 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946  Douglas David Gracey (U.K.)        (s.a.)               Mil French Commissioners in Cochinchina 24 Aug 1945 - 1947         Jean Henri Arsène Cédile           (b. 1908 - d. 1984)                              (commissioner of the Republic for Cochinchina) 20 May 1947 - 16 Aug 1947  Robert Dufour (acting)             (b. 1891? - d. 19..) 16 Aug 1947 - 21 Nov 1949  Pierre Boyer De LaTour du Moulin   (b. 1896 - d. 1976)                              (interim) 21 Nov 1949 - 31 Jul 1951  Charles Marie Chanson              (b. 1902 - d. 1951)  1 Aug 1951 - 27 Sep 1951  Raoul Albert Louis Salan           (b. 1899 - d. 1984)                              (acting) 27 Sep 1951 - 27 Apr 1953  Paul Louis Bondis                  (b. 1895 - d. 1986) President of the Council of the South 1945 - 25 Aug 1945         Tran Van An                        (b. 1906 - d. 2002)  VPDH   South Vietnam   15 Jul 1946 - 2 Jun 1948   1946 - 2 Jun 1948 Variant 2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975    30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976   Map of South Vietnam Hear National Anthem "Tiêng Goi Công Dân" (Call to the Citizens) (2 Jun 1948-30 Apr 1975) Hear National (NLF)  Anthem "Giài phóng mièn Nam" (Liberate the South) (30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976) Constitutions (1 Apr 1967 - 30 Apr 1975; 20 Oct 1964 - 1967; 16 Aug 1964 - 1964; 26 Oct 1956 - 4 Nov 1963) Capital: Saigon Currency: 1975-1978 Viet Nam  South Dong (VNS); 1954-75 South Vietnam Dong  (VNR); 1946-54 French  Indochina Piastre (ICFP) National Holiday: 26 Oct (1955) Constitution Day (1967 renamed Republic Day) ------------------------------------ in Mar/Apr (10th day of 3 month in the lunar calendar) "Gio to Hùng Vương" (Hung King's Temple Day) Population: 19,370,000 (1973) GDP: $ N/A Exports:  $40 million (1965) Imports: $300 million (1965) Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 80%, Chinese, Montagnard, Khmer, Cham, Malay, others 20% (1970) Total Armed Forces (ARVAN): 1,000,000 (1971) U.S. Forces: 525, 000 (1968) Merchant marine: 39 ships (1974) Religions: majority Buddhist, Roman Catholic 10%, Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, animists, others (1970) International Organizations/Treaties (1946-1976): ACCT, ADB, ASPAC, BTWC (signatory), CP, FAO, G-77 (to 1975), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, LORCS, NAM (from 1975), NPT, SEATO (observer), UN (observer 1952-76), UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO  1 Jun 1946                Republic of Cochinchina (literally, "Republic of the Southern                              Part"; French: République de Cochinchine) 27 Oct 1946 -  9 Dec 1955  Member of the French Union (Union Française).  8 Oct 1947                South Vietnam (literally, "Southern Region of Vietnam") 27 May 1948                Vietnam 14 Jun 1949                French associated state (State of Vietnam). 21 Jul 1954                Division formalized by Geneva Accords. 26 Oct 1955                Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) 27 Jan 1973                Paris Peace Accords signed. 30 Apr 1975                Republic of South Vietnam (North Vietnamese forces                              occupy Saigon).  2 Jul 1976                Unification with North Vietnam as the                              Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Chairmen of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Cochinchina  1 Jun 1946 - 10 Nov 1946  Nguyen Van Thin                    (b. 1888 - d. 1946)  IDP 15 Nov 1946 -  7 Dec 1946  Nguyen Van Xuan                    (b. 1892 - d. 1989)  Mil  7 Dec 1946 -  8 Oct 1947  Le Van Hoach                       (b. 1896 - d. 1978)  Non-party Chairman of the Provisional Government of South Vietnam  8 Oct 1947 - 27 May 1948  Nguyen Van Xuan                    (s.a.)               Mil Chairman of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 27 May 1948 - 14 Jun 1949  Nguyen Van Xuan                    (s.a.)               Mil Heads of State 14 Jun 1949 - 26 Oct 1955  Bao Dai                            (b. 1913 - d. 1997)  Non-party                             (= Nguyen Vinh Thuy) 30 Apr 1955 - 26 Oct 1955  Ngo Dinh Diem (acting for Bao Dai) (b. 1901 - d. 1963)  CL+NRM 26 Oct 1955                Ngo Dinh Diem                      (s.a.)               CL+NRM President 26 Oct 1955 -  2 Nov 1963  Ngo Dinh Diem                      (s.a.)               CL+NRM Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee  2 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964  Duong Van Minh (1st time)          (b. 1916 - d. 2001)  Mil Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council 30 Jan 1964 -  8 Feb 1964  Nguyen Khanh (1st time)            (b. 1927 - d. 2013)  Mil  Head of State  8 Feb 1964 - 16 Aug 1964  Duong Van Minh (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Mil  President 16 Aug 1964 - 27 Aug 1964  Nguyen Khanh (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Mil Chairman of the Provisional Leadership Committee 27 Aug 1964 -  8 Sep 1964  Provisional Leadership Committee                            - Nguyen Khanh                     (s.a.)               Mil                            - Duong Van Minh                   (s.a.)               Mil                            - Tran Thien Khiem                 (b. 1925)            Mil  8 Sep 1964 - 26 Oct 1964  Duong Van Minh (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Mil Head of State 26 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965  Phan Khac Suu                      (b. 1905 - d. 1970)  Non-party Chairman of the Committee for State Leadership 14 Jun 1965 -  1 Sep 1967  Nguyen Van Thieu                   (b. 1924 - d. 2001)  Mil Presidents  1 Sep 1967 - 21 Apr 1975  Nguyen Van Thieu                   (b. 1923 - d. 2001)Mil;1968 NSDF 21 Apr 1975 - 28 Apr 1975  Tran Van Huong                     (b. 1903 - d. 1982)  Non-party  28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975  Duong Van Minh (4th time) (acting) (s.a.)               Mil Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government 30 Apr 1975 -  2 Jul 1976  Huynh Tan Phat                     (b. 1913 - d. 1989)  NLF                              (in rebellion from 8 Jun 1969) Chief of the Provisory Government  26 Mar 1946 - 30 May 1946  Nguyen Van Thin                    (s.a.)               IDP Prime ministers 13 Jun 1949 - 21 Jan 1950  Bao Dai                            (s.a.)               Non-party 21 Jan 1950 - 26 Apr 1950  Nguyen Phan Long                   (b. 1888 - d. 1960)  DLH 27 Apr 1950 -  6 Jun 1952  Tran Van Huu                       (b. 1896 - d. 1984)  Non-party  6 Jun 1952 - 17 Dec 1953  Nguyen Van Tam                     (b. 1895 - d. 1990)  VNQ 12 Jan 1954 - 16 Jun 1954  Prince Nguyen Phuoc Buu Loc        (b. 1914 - d. 1990)  Non-party 16 Jun 1954 - 26 Jun 1954  Phan Huy Quat (1st time)(acting)   (b. 1909 - d. 1979)  DVP 26 Jun 1954 - 26 Oct 1955  Ngo Dinh Diem                      (s.a.)               NRM 26 Oct 1955 -  4 Nov 1963  Post abolished  4 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964  Nguyen Ngoc Tho                    (b. 1908 - d. 1976)  Non-party  8 Feb 1964 - 29 Aug 1964  Nguyen Khanh (1st time)            (s.a.)               Mil 29 Aug 1964 -  3 Sep 1964  Nguyen Xuan Oanh (1st time)        (b. 1921 - d. 2003)  Non-party                              (acting)  3 Sep 1964 -  4 Nov 1964  Nguyen Khanh (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Mil  4 Nov 1964 - 28 Jan 1965  Tran Van Huong (1st time)          (s.a.)               Mil 28 Jan 1965 - 15 Feb 1965  Nguyen Xuan Oanh (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party                              (acting) 16 Feb 1965 -  8 Jun 1965  Phan Huy Quat (2nd time)           (s.a.)               DVP 19 Jun 1965 - 31 Oct 1967  Nguyen Cao Ky                      (b. 1930 - d. 2011)  Mil 31 Oct 1967 - 17 May 1968  Nguyen Van Loc                     (b. 1922)            Mil 28 May 1968 -  1 Sep 1969  Tran Van Huong (2nd time)          (s.a.)               NSDF  1 Sep 1969 -  4 Apr 1975  Tran Thiem Khiem                   (s.a.)               DVP+NSDF  4 Apr 1975 - 24 Apr 1975  Nguyen Ba Can                      (b. 1930 - d. 2009)  DC 28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975  Vu Van Mau                         (b. 1914 - d. 1998)  NRF Chairman of the Presidium of the Consultative Council 30 Apr 1975 -  2 Jul 1976  Nguyen Huu Tho                     (b. 1910 - d. 1996)  NLF                              (in rebellion from 8 Jun 1969) French High Commissioners (at Saigon) 14 Aug 1945 - 27 Apr 1953  the Commissioners of French Indochina Commissioners-general 27 Apr 1953 - 21 Jul 1956  the Commissioners of French Indochina Commanders of U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV)  8 Feb 1962 - 20 Jun 1964  Paul D. Harkins                    (b. 1904 - d. 1984) 20 Jun 1964 - 22 Mar 1968  William C. Westmoreland            (b. 1914 - d. 2005) 22 Mar 1968 - 30 Jun 1972  Creighton W. Abrams, Jr.           (b. 1914 - d. 1974) 30 Jun 1972 - 29 Mar 1973  Frederick C. Weyand                (b. 1916 - d. 2010) Party abbreviations: CL = Can Lao Nhan Vi Cach Mang Dang (Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party, "Can Lao", personalist, anti-communist, 1954-1963); DC = Dan Chu Dang (Democratic Party, 1973-1975); DLH = Dan Lap Hien/Parti Constitutionnaliste (Constitutional Party, 1923-1939); DVP = Dai-Viet Quoc Dan Dang (Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam, "Dai Viet", nationalist, anti-communist, 1939-1975); IDP = Parti Democrate Indochinois (Indochinese Democratic Party, 1937-1947); NLF = Mat tran Dan toc Giai phong mien Nam Viet Nam (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, "Vietcong", communist, 1960-1977); NRF = Luc Luong Hoa Giai Hoa Hop Dan Toc (National Reconciliation Force, pacificist, Buddhist, 1974-1975); NRM = Phong Trao Cach Mang Quoc (National Revolutionary Movement, pro-Dinh Diem party, 1954-1963); NSDF = National Social Democratic Front (anti-communist, center-right, Nguyen Van Thieu led coalition of 6 parties: Greater Union Force, Social Humanist Party [successor to CL], Revolutionary Dai Viet, the Social Democratic Party, United Vietnam Kuomintang, and People's Alliance for Social Revolution, 1968-1975); VNQ = Viet-Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnam Nationalist Party, "Viet Quoc", democratic socialist, 1927-1975); VPDH = Viet-Nam Phục quoc Dong minh Hoi (League for the National Restoration of Vietnam, constitutional monarchist, 1939-1951); VQD = Viet-Nam Quoc gia Doc lap Dang (Vietnam National Independence Party, Vietnamese nationalist,10 Mar 1945 - Aug 1945); Mil = Military Alternative Government: Provisional Revolutionary Government of Republic of South Vietnam             8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975            (from 1963 in use by NLF)  8 Jun 1969                Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of                              South Vietnam, established in rebellion against the                              Saigon government. 30 Apr 1975                NLF assumes control of South Vietnam. Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government  8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975  Huynh Tat Phat                       (b. 1913 - d. 1989)  NLF Chairman of the Presidium of the Consultative Council  8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975  Nguyen Huu Tho                       (b. 1910 - d. 1996)  NLF Party abbreviation: NLF = Mat tran Dan toc Giai phong mien Nam Viet Nam (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, "Vietcong", South Vietname insurgent communist, 1960-1977) North Vietnam   29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1955  Adopted 30 Nov 1955 Map of North Vietnam Hear National Anthem "Tiên Quân Ca" (Marching to the Front) Text of National Anthem Adopted 9 Nov 1946 (in use from 13 Aug 1945) Constitutions (1 Jul 1960-1980; 9 Nov 1946 - 1960) Capital: Hanoi Currency: 1958-1978 North Vietnam New Dong (VDD);  1953-1958 North Vietnam  Piastre Dong (VDD); 1946-1953 Viet Minh Piastre Dong Viet (VDP) National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945) Independence Day Population: 23,930,000  (1973 est.) GDP: $N/A Exports: $50-60 million (1965) Imports: $110-220 million (1965) Ethnic groups: Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai Total Armed Forces (NVA): N/A Merchant marine: 5 ships (1974) Religions: Buddhist, Roman Catholic, atheist International Organizations/Treaties (1946-1976): ACCT, Comecon (observer 1956-1978), ICRM, LORCS, UN (observer 1975-76), WFTU, WHO, WMO 30 Aug 1945                Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed.  2 Sep 1945                Declaration of independence of Democratic Republic of Vietnam.  9 Sep 1945 -  6 Mar 1946  Allied (Chinese) occupation (see under French Indo-China). Chairman of the Central Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party (from 19 Feb 1951, Vietnam Workers' Party) Oct 1930 -  2 Sep 1969     Ho Chi Minh                       (b. 1890 - d. 1969)                             (= Nguyen Sinh Cung [changed to Nguyen Tat Thanh],                             pseudonyms Nguyen Ai Quoc, Ly Thuy) First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party (top party post from 2 Sep 1969) May 1941 -  1 Nov 1956     Truong Chinh                       (b. 1907 - d. 1988)  1 Nov 1956 - 10 Sep 1960  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.) 10 Sep 1960 - 20 Dec 1976  Le Duan                            (b. 1908 - d. 1986)  Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 28 Aug 1945 -  2 Mar 1946  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)               DCSD Chairman of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam  2 Mar 1946 - 19 Aug 1948  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)               DCSD State Presidents 19 Aug 1948 -  2 Sep 1969  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)            DCSD;1951 DLDV  3 Sep 1969 -  2 Jul 1976  Ton Duc Thang                      (b. 1888 - d. 1980)  DLDV                              (acting to 23 Sep 1969) Prime ministers 30 Aug 1945 - 20 Sep 1955  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)            DCSD;1951 DLDV 20 Sep 1955 -  2 Jul 1976  Pham Van Dong                      (b. 1908 - d. 2000)  DLDV Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong san Viet-Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, Marxist-Lenninst communist, only legal party in North Vietnam; original name Vietnamese Communist Party [Dang Cong san Viet Nam][DCSV] Feb 1930-Oct 1930, successive names were: Indochinese Communist Party [Dong Duong Cong san Dang][DCSD], Oct 1930-Feb 1951, which was officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945 and merged into League for the Independence of Vietnam [Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi] "Viet Minh", although DCSD continued in secret to 1951; Vietnam Workers's Party [Dang Lao Dong Viet Nam][DLDV] Feb 1951-Dec 1976; and from 20 Dec 1976 renamed DCSV) Socialist Republic of Vietnam  2 Jul 1976                Unification as Socialist Republic of Vietnam. First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party  2 Jul 1976 - 20 Dec 1976  Le Duan                            (b. 1908 - d. 1986)  General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam 20 Dec 1976 - 10 Jul 1986  Le Duan                            (s.a.) 14 Jul 1986 - 18 Dec 1986  Truong Chinh (= Dang Xuan Khu)     (b. 1908 - d. 1988) 18 Dec 1986 - 27 Jun 1991  Nguyen Van Linh                    (b. 1915 - d. 1998) 27 Jun 1991 - 29 Dec 1997  Do Muoi (= Nguyen Duy Cong)        (b. 1917 - d. 2018) 29 Dec 1997 - 22 Apr 2001  Le Kha Phieu                       (b. 1931) 22 Apr 2001 - 19 Jan 2011  Nong Duc Manh                      (b. 1940) 19 Jan 2011 -              Nguyen Phu Trong                   (b. 1944) State Presidents  2 Jul 1976 - 30 Mar 1980  Ton Duc Thang                      (s.a.)            DLDV;1976 DCSV 30 Mar 1980 -  4 Jul 1981  Nguyen Huu Tho (acting)            (b. 1910 - d. 1996)  DCSV Chairmen of the Council of State  4 Jul 1981 - 18 Jun 1987  Truong Chinh                       (s.a.)               DCSV 18 Jun 1987 - 23 Sep 1992  Vo Chi Cong (= Vo Toan)            (b. 1913 - d. 2011)  DCSV State Presidents 23 Sep 1992 - 24 Sep 1997  Le Duc Anh                         (b. 1920)            DCSV 24 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006  Tran Duc Luong                     (b. 1937)            DCSV 27 Jun 2006 - 25 Jul 2011  Nguyen Minh Triet                  (b. 1942)            DCSV  25 Jul 2011 -  2 Apr 2016  Truong Tan Sang                    (b. 1949)            DCSV  2 Apr 2016 - 21 Sep 2018  Tran Dai Quang                     (b. 1956 - d. 2018)  DCSV 21 Sep 2018 - 23 Oct 2018  Dang Thi Ngoc Thinh (f) (acting)   (b. 1959)            DCSV 23 Oct 2018 -              Nguyen Phu Trong                   (s.a.)               DCSV Chairmen of the Council of Ministers  2 Jul 1976 - 18 Jun 1987  Pham Van Dong                      (s.a.)            DLDV;1976 DCSV 18 Jun 1987 - 10 Mar 1988  Pham Hung                          (b. 1912 - d. 1988)  DCSV 10 Mar 1988 - 22 Jun 1988  Vo Van Kiet (1st time) (acting)    (b. 1922 - d. 2008)  DCSV 22 Jun 1988 -  8 Aug 1991  Do Muoi                            (s.a.)               DCSV  8 Aug 1991 - 24 Sep 1992  Vo Van Kiet (2nd time)             (s.a.)               DCSV Prime ministers 24 Sep 1992 - 25 Sep 1997  Vo Van Kiet                        (s.a.)               DCSV 25 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006  Phan Van Khai                      (b. 1933 - d. 2018)  DCSV 27 Jun 2006 -  7 Apr 2016  Nguyen Tan Dung                    (b. 1949)            DCSV  7 Apr 2016 -              Nguyen Xuan Phuc                   (b. 1954)            DCSV Territorial Disputes: Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress on a joint development area and establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China;  the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Brunei claims a maritime boundary extending beyond as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Lousia Reef; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly Islands; in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Economic Exclusion Zone negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary. Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong san Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist,  authoritarian, government party, to 20 Dec 1976 named Vietnam Workers's Party [Dang Lao Dong Viet Nam], est.1930) © Ben Cahoon  Vietnam >